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Computer History
In this article, we will learn about Computer history. Where will discuss from the start to end, also we will include the following topics:
1. The Dark Ages starts from (3000 B.C To 1890 A.D).
2. The middle ages start from (1890 A.D To 1944 A.D.).
3. The Modern Ages starts from (from Since 1944).
Computer history starts from About 3000 B.C.
The Abacus” was developed probably in China.
1-Computer History Starts with The Dark Ages (3000 B.C.- 1890 A.D).
This is the simplest manual device, which consists of a frame with beads strung on wires or rods. Arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the beads.
In fact, the Abacus is a Very fast calculating device. By which an operator can calculate faster than a person using a digital calculator.
Similarly, in 1917: John Napier designed a device, called “Napier’s bones”. This device contains a set of eleven bones or rods with numbers marked on them.
By placing these rods side by side, products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained very easily.
Seems like, In1632: Another manual mechanical device “Oughtred’s Slide Rule” was developed.
In this device, a famous English mathematician William Oughtred used Logarithm’s concept.
This device consist of two movable rulers placed side by side and this ruler has proportionally marked distances.
Pascal’s Calculator.
In 1642: the great French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented a calculator called “Pascal’s Calculator”.
This calculator manipulates numbers by rotating a cogwheel gear by one to ten steps with a carryover ratchet to operate next higher digit.
We can find this technique, even now in automobile odometer which used a series of cogwheels to calculate distance. In 1673: Leibniz much improved Pascal’s calculator.
Such in a way that it could perform multiplication and division.
The first punched card mechanism was invented by a French weaver named Joseph Marie Jacquard, In 1801:
Therefore, this mechanism is called “Jacquard’s Loom”.
In 1823: “Babbage’s Difference Engine” was constructed, this is based on some predefined formulae.
This mechanism was used by a number of business organizations.
After ten years Charles Babbage introduced another device called “Babbage’s Analytical Engine”.
Even more, it was 15 feet tall and 20 feet long, consisting of hundreds of hundreds of vertical axis and thousands of wheels of gears.
2-The middle ages of Computer History (1890 A.D – 1944 A.D.)
Furthermore, the compilation of census data was the biggest problem in the middle ages. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a statistician with U.S. Bureau of the census, developed a 3×5 inch punched card to record data.
This also constructed a box to sort data and an electromagnetic counting mechanism to tabularize data.
The 1890 survey was processed in one-fourth time needed for 1880 survey. likewise, in 1908: Dr. James Powers developed 20- column punching machine. In the same year.
Dr. Herman Hollerith developed vertical sorting machine which can process almost 275 cards per minute until.
Also In 1940: there was no major invention, but performance, speed, and capabilities of existing machines were improved.
Some other the development of supporting devices, which assist the main punched card machines.
Such as the verifiers, these can verify inputted or outputted data, and the collators.
Which can merge a deck off the sorted punched card into another sorted deck?
Some other electro-mechanical accounting machines were developed.
Which could read cards containing both alphabetic and numeric data, perform simple arithmetic operations and print the result?
3-The Modern Ages in Computer History (Since 1944)
Finally, In 1944: an electro-mechanical computer “ Mark-l” was built by IBM (International Business Machines) Corporation. IBM launched its new version as “Mark-II” Afterward fully electronic computers were developed.
Computer History AT A GLANCE.
| AGES/
GENERATIONS |
DEVELOPMENT
FEATURE INVENTION |
INVENTOR COUNTRY OF
ORIGINS |
| DARK AGES | Abacus came into use
for calculation purposes. |
China and
other Oriental countries |
| 5000
BC-1890 AD |
Record keeping began.
Double Entry System of accounting was developed |
Greek and Roman Empires |
| 1617 AD | Napier’s Bons | John Napier |
| 1632 AD | Slide Rule | William Oughtred |
| 1642 AD | Mechanical calculating Machine | Blaise Pascal |
| 1801 AD | Jacquard,s Loom | Jacquard |
| 1843 AD | Analytical Engine (The First complete computer) | Charies Babbage (The Father of Computers |
MIDDLE AGES 1890- 1943
| 1890 AD | Punched Cards
were used |
Herman Hollerith |
| 1908 AD | 20 Column
Punched Card Developed |
James Power |
| 1908-43 AD | Speed & processing capabilities
improved Verifies, Calculators and card readers introduced |
|
| 1937-38 AD | ABC Computer
(First Proto type computer was introduced) |
Atanasoof & Clifford Berry |
| 1940- 41 AD | First General purpose
computer introduced |
John Mauchly & Eckert |
MODERN AGE 1943 – to date
| 1943 | Mark-I Digital Computer
that used Electro Magnetic Relays |
Howard Aiken |
| 1946 AD | ENIAC
the first electronic general-purpose computer that used Vacuum Tube |
, John Mauchly & Eckert |
| 1949 AD | EDSAC
first computer that used Stored Programs |
John Von Neumann |
| 1951 AD | UNVAC
first Self Checking computer introduced |
Mauuchly & Eckert |
| SECOND
GENERATION 1959-1971 |
The Computer
became further smaller, and more reliable due to the use of Transistors |
Transistors
are developed by Barden Shockely and Brattain of Bell Laboratories in 1947 |
| THIRD
GENERATION 1964-1971 |
further smaller
faster and reliable due to using of Transistors. |
Integrated Circuits
were developed by Fairchild and Kilby in 1955 |
| FORTH
GENERATION 1971 to date |
Micro Processors or Chip
brought a further revolution |
Victor Poor & Tedhoff |
| 1976 AD | Apple
Micro Computer developed |
Steve
Wozniak & Steve Job |
| 1881-to date | Storage devices.
optical disks/ CD ROM. Multimedia. Virtual Reality. Virtual, Reality. Internet (world wide web) Communication |
